Hoisting is a behavior in JavaScript (and some other programming languages) where variables and function declarations are moved to the top of their respective scopes, regardless of where they are written in the code. In other words, when JavaScript is parsing your code, it's as if all the variable and function declarations are "hoisted" to the top of the code, even if they're defined later in the code. This behavior can lead to unexpected results if you're not aware of it.

Here's an example to demonstrate hoisting in JavaScript:

console.log(a); // undefined
let a = 5;

// equivalent to:
let a;
console.log(a); // undefined
a = 5;

In this example, the declaration of the a variable is hoisted to the top of the code, even though the assignment of 5 to a happens later. As a result, when we try to log a before the assignment, we get undefined.

In TypeScript, hoisting works in a similar way as in JavaScript, with a few differences. TypeScript has block scoping, which means that variables declared with let or const are only accessible within the block in which they are defined. These declarations are not hoisted to the top of their scope. On the other hand, variables declared with var are hoisted in TypeScript as well, just like in JavaScript.

Here's an example to demonstrate hoisting in TypeScript:

console.log(a); // error: Cannot find name 'a'.
let a = 5;

Other programming languages that have hoisting behavior include ActionScript, Assembly, and ECMAScript. However, the exact behavior and specifics can vary between languages, so it's always a good idea to consult the documentation for the language you're working with to understand how hoisting works in that specific context.